Logical Entailment and Conversational Implication: A Discourse-Pragmatic Account of Taiwanese Toh(就) and Ciah(才) 作者:李 櫻(國立臺灣師範大學英語學系)

卷期：42期 (革新版)
日期：1997年10月
頁碼：55-70
DOI：10.6210/JNTNULL.1997.42.05

摘要：

台語＜就＞和＜才＞一般認為是語意對立、用法相彷的一組副詞，但在本研究所收集之四小時真實交談語料中，卻顯示＜就＞的出現頻率遠高於＜才＞，約為其 5.4倍，且其語用功能各不相同。本文從言談語用的角度分析，認為＜就＞和＜才＞在不同語境中所呈現的限制用法和連繫用法及隨附的意義，乃源於此二副詞的基本語意與Grice(1975)提出之"交談合作原則"內各項細則交互作用而得的"對話隱涵"(conversational implicature)。＜才＞本意為"小量"，因此必須用於牽涉等級(linguistic scale)的句子中，而且也由於＜才＞與等級詞的語意和"合作原則"的運作，而衍生出"與預期相反"或"較預期嚴苛"的意涵。而＜就＞之本意並不要求其與等級詞共現，因此出現範圍較廣，使用頻率也較高。其本意與"交談合作原則"交互作用，產生限制用法中加強語氣的功能；而當句意牽涉到等級時，也由於等級詞在句中的邏輯必然推論(logical entailment)與其本意和"合作原則"的互動而產生"較預期寬容"的對話隱涵。

關鍵詞：語用學、言談分析、台語語法、副詞、對話隱涵、邏輯必然推衍

《詳全文》

Logical Entailment and Conversational Implication: A Discourse-Pragmatic Account of Taiwanese Toh and Ciah Author: Cherry Ing Li(Department of English, National Taiwan Normal University)

Vol.&No.：Vol. 42 (New Version)
Date：October 1997
Pages：55-70
DOI：10.6210/JNTNULL.1997.42.05

Abstract：

Taiwanese toh (就) and ciah (才), which are often considered as forming an antonymous pair, show significant difference in their distribution and functions. A corpus of 4-hour recording shows as many as 275 toh occurrences, while ciah is used only 51 times. The difference in their frequency rates is due to their different basic meanings: ciah, meaning 'only, just', intrinsically involves size and quantity, and thus has to co-occur with a scalar term; while toh; meaning 'precisely', does not show such a re-striction. Their different core meanings, when used in the context of conversation, interact with the Maxims in the Cooperative Principle as proposed by Grice (1975) and derive their various interpreta-tions. The emphatic tone that toh may carry and its function to mark a less-demanding situation both arise as conversational implicatures from the interaction of its basic meaning, its logical inference en-tailed by the proposition, and the Maxims of Manner, Relevance, and Quantity. Ciah's function of ex-pectation-denying and marking of a more-demanding condition may also be accounted for in terms of pragmatic implicature, though it may have already been conventionalized.

Keywords：pragmatics, discourse analysis, Taiwanese grammar, adverbs, conversational implicature, logical entailment